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弗朗茨·沙姆斯（Franz Schams）1848年《阿尔特大学阿卡德米申军团研究》（Studentenwachstube der Akademischen Legion in der Aula der Alte Universität im Jahre 1848）-Franz Schams
Studentenwachstube der Akademischen Legion in der Aula der alten Universität im Jahre 1848--Franz Schams (奥地利, 1824–1883)
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“学术军团的一名军官（据称是牙医沃尔夫博士的肖像）”-Anonymous
Ein Offizier der Akademischen Legion (angeblich Porträt des Zahnarztes Dr. Wolf)--Anonymous
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约瑟夫·马蒂亚斯·艾格纳（Josef Matthias Aigner）的学术军团指挥官自画像-Josef Matthias Aigner
Selbstbildnis als Kommandant der Akademischen Legion--Josef Matthias Aigner (奥地利, 1818 - 1886)
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EINSTEIN\'S DOCTORATE CERTIFICATE FROM HIS \"MIRACULOUS YEAR\" OF 1905.:EINSTEIN, ALBERT. 1879-1955. Doctorate diploma awarded by the Faculty of Philosophy at the University of Zurich at its meeting on 27 July 1905, regarding the dissertation of Albert Einstein, titled: \"Eine neue Bestimmung der Molekuldimensionen\" (\"A New Determination of Molecular Dimensions\"), issued in Zurich 15 January 1906. Printed document with signatures and two seals on vellum, 698 x 523 mm. Framed.
EINSTEIN\'S DOCTORATE CERTFICATE — THE CROWNING ACHIEVEMENT OF HIS \"ANNUS MIRABILIS\" obtained for his most frequently cited paper \"A New Determination of Molecular Dimensions\" (Einstein 1905b). During 1905, Einstein wrote 5 landmark papers including his thesis, all published in the Annalen der Physik, and all considered milestones in the foundation of modern physics. They revolutionized our understanding of space, time, mass, and energy and culminated in the world most famous mathematical equation E=mc2. The papers were:
- \"On a Heuristic Viewpoint Concerning the Production and Transformation of Light.\" \"Über einen die Erzeugung und Verwandlung des Lichtes betreffenden heuristischen Gesichtspunkt.\" Annalen der Physik 17, 1905 pp. 132-148.
- \"A New Determination of Molecular Dimensions.\" \"Eine neue Bestimmung der Moleküldimensionen.\" Bern: Buchdruckreei Wyss, 1906. Also slightly revised in Annalen der Physik. 19, 1906, pp 289–305.
- \"On the Movement of Small Particles Suspended in a Stationary Liquid Required by the Molecular-Kinetic Theory of Heat.\" \"Über die von der molekularkinetischen Theorie der Wärme geforderte Bewegung von in ruhenden Flüssigkeiten suspendierten Teilchen.\" Annalen der Physik.17, 1905, pp 549–560
- \"On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies.\" \"Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper.\" Annalen der Physik. 17, pp 901-921.
- \"Does the Inertia of a Body Depend Upon Its Energy Content?\" \"Über die von der molekularkinetischen Theorie der Wärme geforderte Bewegung von in ruhenden Flüssigkeiten suspendierten Teilchen.\" Annalen der Physik. 17, 1905, S. 549–560.
With a thesis on intermolecular forces Einstein attempted to earn a doctorate from the University of Zurich as early as 1901. He withdrew his paper shortly after he submitted it to Alfred Kleiner, Professor of Physics at the University of Zurich. His second attempted completed April 30, 1905 was more fruitful. On July 20, 1905, Einstein formally submitted another thesis to Dr. Kleiner, who enlisted the help of Heinrich Burkhardt, Professor of Mathematics at the University of Zurich, to check the calculations in Einstein\'s dissertation. Shortly after, on July 27 the philosophical faculty awarded Einstein with the doctorate, and issued the formal acknowledgement on January 15, 1906:
\"Unter der Oberhoheit der Behoerden und des Volkes des Kantons / und im Namen der / Universitaet Zuerich / hat die Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Sektion / der / Phiolosophischen Fakultaet / in Ihrer Sitzung vom 27 Juli 1905 / dem Herren / Albert Einstein / von Zuerich / auf Grund seiner Dissertation betitelt: / \"Eine Neue Bestimmung der Molekuldimensionen\" / und der Vorschriftsmaessigen Pruefungsausweis / die Rechte und Wuerden / eines Doctor der Philosophie / verliehen / und stellt zum Zeugnis dessen diese mit dem Universitaetsstempel versehene Urkunde aus / Gegegeben in Zurich / 15 Januar 1906 / Fuer den Akademischen Senat / der Rector Dr. Otto Haab / Fuer die II Sektion der Philosophischen Fakultaet / der Dekan: Prof. Dr. Rudolf Martin. With the paper seal of the \"Academia Turicensis MDCCC XXXIII\", under the signature of the dean the paper seal \"Philosophorum Turicensium Ordo\" in center.
In his dissertation Einstein \"combined the techniques of classical hydrodynamics with those of the theory of diffusion to create a new method for the determination of molecular sizes and of Avogadro\'s number, a method he applied to solute sugar molecules ... Compared to the other topics of his research at the time, his hydrodynamical method for determining molecular dimensions was a dissertation topic uniquely suited to the empirically oriented Zurich academic environment. In contrast to the Brownian-motion work, for which the experimental techniques needed to extract information from observations were not yet available, Einstein\'s hydrodynamical method for determining the dimensions of solute molecules enabled him to derive new empirical results from data in standard tables\" (Miraculous Year).
Years later Einstein remarked \"perhaps half-jokingly, that when he submitted his thesis, Professor Kleiner rejected it for being too short, so he added one more sentence and it was promptly accepted. There is no documentary evidence for this. Either way, his thesis actually became one of his most cited and practically useful papers, with applications in such diverse fields as cement mixing, dairy production, and aerosol products. And even though it did not help him get an academic job, it did make it possible for him to become known, finally, as Dr. Einstein\" (Isaacson).
Einstein\'s doctorate from the University of Zurich represents the cornerstone of his academic career that would take him from Zurich to Berlin and finally to Princeton, along the way transforming our perception of the cosmos, and the way we understand it.
Reference: Cawkell and Garfield. Assessing Einstein\'s impact on today\'s science by citation analysis. NY: 1980. P 32.
Isaacson. Einstein, His Life and Universe. New York: 2007. Pp 101-103.
Stachel, editor. The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein. Princeton: 1990. Vol 2, pp 170-182.
Stachel, editor. Einstein\'s Miraculous Year. Five Papers that Changed the Face of Physics. Princeton: 2005. Pp 31 and 37.
爱因斯坦1905年“奇迹年”的博士学位证书。 苏黎世大学哲学系在1905年7月27日的会议上颁发的博士学位证书，涉及阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦的论文，题为“Eine neue Bestimmung der Molekuldimensionen”，